List of Figures

2.1. Wall thickness components and definitions

2.2. Schematic of pipeline end expansion

2.3. Force Profile Envelope for a Fully Mobilised Pipeline

2.4. Typical_Thermal_Transients

2.5. Example Force Profiles – First Heat-up

2.6. Example Force Profiles – Second Heat-up

2.7. Temperature Profile at Time t

2.8. Force Profile at Time t

2.9. Incremental Displacement between Time t and t-1

2.10. Force Profile – Position of Virtual Anchors – 2nd Load

2.11. Incremental Displacements to full mobilisation

2.12. Mid-line displacement for 5 load cycles (typical)

2.13. Pipeline upheaval buckle

2.14. Prop buckle instability

2.15. Typical Lateral Buckle from Side-scan Sonar Imag

2.16. Lateral Buckling Assessment by FEA

2.17. Typical Snake Lay Configuration (exaggerated vertical scale)

2.18. Buckling Response from Snake Lay

2.19. ILA Main Characteristics

2.20. Illustration of the steel corrosion process

2.21. Galvanic cell formed by zinc sacrificial anode

2.22. Flow chart over design checks for a free span

3.1. In-Line Assembly (Total Dalia Project)

3.2. Pipeline end manifold (PLEM) during installation (Deep Blue vessel, Dalia Project)

3.3. Flexible pipe end fitting mounting

3.4. End fitting locking

3.5. Flexible intermediate connection at working platform

3.6. Deepwater Subsea Manifold

3.7. Subsea Well

3.8. Steep S-Lay Solitaire vessel (installation of pipeline in 2775 m -2007)

3.9. J Lay semi-submersible: S7000 (24”OD Blustream Black Sea in 2150m of water depth)

3.10. Reel-Lay vessel Seven Oceal (Campos Basin (2009) : laying in 1940 m WD)

3.11. Pipeline installation vessel: Technip Deep Blue (2500m WD pipe lay capacity)

4.1. Billet piercing process

4.2. Continuous lamination

4.3. Electric Resistance/Induction Welded pipe

4.4. Submerged Arc Welded pipe fabrication process

4.5. Spirally-oriented seam welded pipe

4.6. Typical flexible pipe structure for oil production and transportation

4.7. Flexible pipe water depth capability (Technip data - 2006)

4.8. Different types of stainless steel fabrication process

4.9. Hot rolling clad pipe manufacturing process

4.10. Thermo-hydraulic Fit Method For Tightly Fitted Lined Pipe

4.11. Grooved Liner System

4.12. Figure 4.9: Composition of wet insulated rigid line

4.13. Figure 4.9: Typical pipe in pipe system

4.14. Figure 4.10.2: Bulkhead assembled between 8-in oil line and 14-in sleeve

4.15. Figure 4.10.2: Pipeline in bundle configuration

5.1. 5Layer Pipeline Insulation coating

5.2. Pipe in Pipe 3D View (Typical)

5.3. Cryogenic Pipe in Pipe 3D View

5.4. LNG Pipe in Pipe Bulkhead Design (SEAL Engineering design)

5.5. Prototype as tested with Invar inner pipe (Technip)

5.6. A sample of thermally insulated flexible

6.1. Heating cables in onshore plant & heating panels for tanks heating

6.2. Configuration Wet-DEH system

6.3. Principle of DEH system

6.4. DEH PIP Concept

6.5. Mid-Line assembly (MLEC) of Shell DEH PIP

6.6. DEH PIP – Heating Spread on one segment – Plug remediation

6.7. Three-phase star configuration.

6.8. EHT PP TECHNIP Concept

6.9. Integrated Production Bundle (TECHNIP)

6.10. Figure 6.2.4.5: Integrated Production Bundle (Kvaerner)

7.1. Figure 7.2.1: Single pass plough (long beam configuration)

7.2. Figure 7.2.2: Multi-pass plough

7.3. Feeding vessel

7.4. Trailing suction hopper dredger

7.5. Deep sea dredger (R & D)

7.6. Flexible fall pipe vessel in rock dumping operation

7.7. Pre- lay pipeline support

8.1. S-lay configuration

8.2. J-lay configuration

8.3. Figure 8.3.2: J-Lay System. Variable angle ramp for shallow and deep water

8.4. Reel-lay configuration

8.5. Schematic of the pipelay catenary

8.6. Controlled depth tow method

8.7. Vertical flexible lay configuration

9.1. Field Signature Method principle

9.2. FSM applied to subsea pipeline

9.3. FSM applied to subsea production template

9.4. Online FSM system based on field bus

9.5. FSM system in subsea remote monitoring